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The datasets from which these PYPL forecasts are drawn originate from FactSet. They represent the aggregated estimates made available to academics or practitioners via the Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System (IBES). Although this seems like a fair way of predicting future profits given that they have some level expertise in investment banking, studies show there's still an optimism bias present among these professionals.

Regression-based models suffer from the use of past earnings in a linear or exponential framework. This can lead to bias because these models assume that future performance will mirror historical trends exactly, whereas business cycle dynamics and seasonality may introduce randomness over time periods.

While there is a clear consensus that a factor-based approach to investment is rewarded over time, it goes without saying that the implementation of factor investing strategies, especially in the world of long-only money-management, is rarely subject to the same consensus. Index providers who offer funds that generally contain a small number of stocks in relation to the size and risk level they are designed for, often do so by selecting certain conditions or factors within each company.

For example, some commercial indexes aim at proportionality between price movements and dividends paid out over time while others look exclusively on liquidity considerations alone; yet still more restrict their selection criteria based around corporate governance issues like transparency reports rating various aspects such as soundness levels among others relevant metrics available about any given firm when deciding whether it should be included into an investor’s portfolio.

Technology Select Sector SPDR Fund Liquidity Chart

Components
Historical price and liquidity data
PYPL forecast 2025 logoPYPL forecast 2025 logo

Seasonality

This multi-factor forecast for Paypal Holdings (PYPL) is based on a weighted average of five factor-dervied forecasts.
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$
XLK Liquidity Heat Map

Left-hand side y-axis orders liquidity rank of individuals chart components.
Right-hand side y-axis coordinates measure the price of XLK.

Component Liquidity

Component Last Value
AAPL 90.00000
MSFT 90.00000
V 88.00000
NVDA 70.00000
MA 64.00000
AVGO 58.00000
CSCO 56.00000
ACN 54.00000
CRM 52.00000
TXN 38.00000
ADBE 34.00000
QCOM 34.00000
INTU 32.00000
IBM 32.00000
INTC 30.00000
ORCL 28.00000
PYPL 28.00000
ADP 24.00000
AMD 24.00000
ADI 22.00000
NOW 20.00000
AMAT 14.00000
FISV 8.00000
MU 6.00000
LRCX 2.00000
Component 1 Month Ago 1 Week Ago Last Value
AAPL 90.00000 100.00000 100.00000
MSFT 90.00000 100.00000 94.00000
V 88.00000 100.00000 90.00000
NVDA 70.00000 98.00000 88.00000
MA 64.00000 98.00000 88.00000
AVGO 58.00000 92.00000 82.00000
CSCO 56.00000 92.00000 78.00000
ACN 54.00000 90.00000 70.00000
CRM 52.00000 86.00000 68.00000
TXN 38.00000 84.00000 66.00000
ADBE 34.00000 80.00000 66.00000
QCOM 34.00000 78.00000 64.00000
INTU 32.00000 76.00000 60.00000
IBM 32.00000 76.00000 56.00000
INTC 30.00000 74.00000 52.00000
ORCL 28.00000 72.00000 42.00000
PYPL 28.00000 70.00000 40.00000
ADP 24.00000 62.00000 34.00000
AMD 24.00000 58.00000 22.00000
ADI 22.00000 56.00000 22.00000
NOW 20.00000 50.00000 16.00000
AMAT 14.00000 40.00000 12.00000
FISV 8.00000 28.00000 10.00000
MU 6.00000 4.00000 2.00000
LRCX 2.00000 2.00000 2.00000
All Liquidity Visualizations

About Transactional Liquidity

To paraphrase trader Larry Harris, transactional liquidity in the markets is the ability to trade large order sizes quickly, at low cost and time that is convenient to the trader. Many traders consider liquidity the most important characteristic of well-functioning markets.

As a general observation, low liquidity is accompanied by high volatility in price movements, and vice-versa.

Note that traders who need to perform a more comprehensive analysis can backtest the impact of liquidity on a particular security using the Tradewell platform.

How Liquidity is Calculated

This measure of liquidity displayed on the heat-maps is adapted from Amihud’s illiquidity measure, which is the ratio of absolute close to-close returns to dollar volume (Price * Volume).

This metric is calculated as a the current value ranked over the prior 50 days. A low value indicates high liquidity, while a high value indicates lower liquidity (at the transactional level). In other words, a value that is high implies a large absolute close to close return, but relatively low volume comparatively.

We measure liquidity for each component of a particular index or ETF’s in order to help understand liquidity dynamics underneath the surface.

About Liquidity Heat Map Colors

This liquidity heat map uses a color scale to display the internal liquidity dynamics of Technology Select Sector SPDR Fund. The Y-axis is composed of each individual Technology Select Sector SPDR Fund component, which is sorted each and every day by their liquidity rank on that day compared to the other components. This allows us to see visually whether component liquidity was high, normal, or poor. For example, if the liquidity heatmap shows more red, and darker red on a given day, it is more likely that the majority of components are highly illiquid, and vice-versa.

About Liquidity Heat Map Coordinates

The X-axis displays trading days by date, while the Y-axis contains the liquidity rank of each individual security component comprising Technology Select Sector SPDR Fund.

About Liquidity Heat Map Coordinates

A price chart of Technology Select Sector SPDR Fund is overlaid on top of the heat map so you can observe the impact that different liquidity regimes may be having on the price of the asset.

Technology Select Sector SPDR Fund

XLK is an exchange traded fund whose portfolio is comprised of US technology sector stocks. This investment seeks to provide the same performance as stocks in the Technology Select Sector Index. The fund typically invests at least 95% of its assets in the securities that comprise this index.
All Liquidity Visualizations

Liquidity

This chart shows the liquidity of individual components of XLK over the last year.
Components
Historical price and seasonality data
PYPL forecast 2025 logoPYPL forecast 2025 logo
PYPL forecast 2025 logo
AAPL
Guest Commentary
Robson Chow is a hedge fund manager
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