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The datasets from which these PYPL forecasts are drawn originate from FactSet. They represent the aggregated estimates made available to academics or practitioners via the Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System (IBES). Although this seems like a fair way of predicting future profits given that they have some level expertise in investment banking, studies show there's still an optimism bias present among these professionals.

Regression-based models suffer from the use of past earnings in a linear or exponential framework. This can lead to bias because these models assume that future performance will mirror historical trends exactly, whereas business cycle dynamics and seasonality may introduce randomness over time periods.

While there is a clear consensus that a factor-based approach to investment is rewarded over time, it goes without saying that the implementation of factor investing strategies, especially in the world of long-only money-management, is rarely subject to the same consensus. Index providers who offer funds that generally contain a small number of stocks in relation to the size and risk level they are designed for, often do so by selecting certain conditions or factors within each company.

For example, some commercial indexes aim at proportionality between price movements and dividends paid out over time while others look exclusively on liquidity considerations alone; yet still more restrict their selection criteria based around corporate governance issues like transparency reports rating various aspects such as soundness levels among others relevant metrics available about any given firm when deciding whether it should be included into an investor’s portfolio.

Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund Liquidity Chart

Components
Historical price and liquidity data
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Seasonality

This multi-factor forecast for Paypal Holdings (PYPL) is based on a weighted average of five factor-dervied forecasts.
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XLC Liquidity Heat Map

Left-hand side y-axis orders liquidity rank of individuals chart components.
Right-hand side y-axis coordinates measure the price of XLC.

Component Liquidity

Component Last Value
META 98.00000
GOOGL 88.00000
GOOG 88.00000
TMUS 82.00000
CMCSA 80.00000
DIS 80.00000
CHTR 80.00000
ATVI 78.00000
T 76.00000
NFLX 74.00000
VZ 72.00000
TWTR 70.00000
EA 68.00000
WBD 66.00000
TTWO 58.00000
OMC 58.00000
MTCH 56.00000
LYV 56.00000
IPG 54.00000
FOXA 38.00000
PARA 32.00000
LUMN 26.00000
NWSA 16.00000
FOX 10.00000
DISH 2.00000
Component 1 Month Ago 1 Week Ago Last Value
META 98.00000 98.00000 100.00000
GOOGL 88.00000 90.00000 98.00000
GOOG 88.00000 88.00000 98.00000
TMUS 82.00000 88.00000 86.00000
CMCSA 80.00000 86.00000 84.00000
DIS 80.00000 76.00000 82.00000
CHTR 80.00000 72.00000 82.00000
ATVI 78.00000 72.00000 80.00000
T 76.00000 72.00000 72.00000
NFLX 74.00000 66.00000 70.00000
VZ 72.00000 66.00000 70.00000
TWTR 70.00000 62.00000 68.00000
EA 68.00000 62.00000 66.00000
WBD 66.00000 62.00000 62.00000
TTWO 58.00000 58.00000 52.00000
OMC 58.00000 58.00000 52.00000
MTCH 56.00000 50.00000 34.00000
LYV 56.00000 48.00000 32.00000
IPG 54.00000 36.00000 30.00000
FOXA 38.00000 30.00000 30.00000
PARA 32.00000 26.00000 20.00000
LUMN 26.00000 14.00000 16.00000
NWSA 16.00000 10.00000 12.00000
FOX 10.00000 10.00000 6.00000
DISH 2.00000 8.00000 2.00000
All Liquidity Visualizations

About Transactional Liquidity

To paraphrase trader Larry Harris, transactional liquidity in the markets is the ability to trade large order sizes quickly, at low cost and time that is convenient to the trader. Many traders consider liquidity the most important characteristic of well-functioning markets.

As a general observation, low liquidity is accompanied by high volatility in price movements, and vice-versa.

Note that traders who need to perform a more comprehensive analysis can backtest the impact of liquidity on a particular security using the Tradewell platform.

How Liquidity is Calculated

This measure of liquidity displayed on the heat-maps is adapted from Amihud’s illiquidity measure, which is the ratio of absolute close to-close returns to dollar volume (Price * Volume).

This metric is calculated as a the current value ranked over the prior 50 days. A low value indicates high liquidity, while a high value indicates lower liquidity (at the transactional level). In other words, a value that is high implies a large absolute close to close return, but relatively low volume comparatively.

We measure liquidity for each component of a particular index or ETF’s in order to help understand liquidity dynamics underneath the surface.

About Liquidity Heat Map Colors

This liquidity heat map uses a color scale to display the internal liquidity dynamics of Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund. The Y-axis is composed of each individual Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund component, which is sorted each and every day by their liquidity rank on that day compared to the other components. This allows us to see visually whether component liquidity was high, normal, or poor. For example, if the liquidity heatmap shows more red, and darker red on a given day, it is more likely that the majority of components are highly illiquid, and vice-versa.

About Liquidity Heat Map Coordinates

The X-axis displays trading days by date, while the Y-axis contains the liquidity rank of each individual security component comprising Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund.

About Liquidity Heat Map Coordinates

A price chart of Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund is overlaid on top of the heat map so you can observe the impact that different liquidity regimes may be having on the price of the asset.

Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund

XLC is an exchange traded fund whose portfolio is comprised of US communications services stocks. This investment seeks to provide the same performance as stocks in the Communications Services Select Sector Index. The index includes companies that have been identified as Communication Services companies by the GICS®, including securities from industries such as telecommunication services, wireless providers, entertainment and media conglomerates.
All Liquidity Visualizations

Liquidity

This chart shows the liquidity of individual components of XLC over the last year.
Components
Historical price and seasonality data
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Robson Chow is a hedge fund manager
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